Lastly, 15.8% of the transgender sample in the Diemer et al. study was diagnosed with an eating disorder in the past year at the time of the study . Over a third of participants in the Kirby and Linde questionnaire followed a restricted diet to lose weight, 31% engaged in binge eating over the past 12 months, and 50% were attempting to lose weight . Kirby and Linde (2020) assessed weight loss attempts, weight loss methods, and binge eating tendencies with the questions derived from the University’s College Student Health Survey . Food habits consisting of low vegetable, grain, and fruit intake and excessive diet in saturated fat due to high consumption of fast-food meals were reported in all three studies 29,37,40. The body fat mass increased as the treatment proceeded in the TW sample in Mueller et al.’s prospective study due to a shift from lean body mass (LBM) to fat mass . Often, these changes in hormones and ensuing eating disorders can produce a feedback loop of increased changes in hormones due to the eating disorder behaviors. As previously explored, there is a variety of hormones that can play a role in the development of an eating disorder. An eating disorder can develop for a variety of reasons, and hormones may have a key role. It is clear that hormones are critical to the various bodily systems involved in eating disorders. Despite these limitations, the main strength of this review is that it relies on an innovative topic. Considering this wide variety, assessing potential associations between this wide range of therapies and nutrition status was challenging. However, this study uses a sample solely categorized with gender dysphoria, which is nowadays not considered the most adequate criteria for classifying members of this target group Considering this wide variety of HT, assessing potential associations between this wide range of therapies and nutrition status was challenging. While all studies were of acceptable quality, a high heterogeneity was seen, primarily in the reports of gender identity and the types of HT presented in the articles. Most research on ovarian hormones and eating pathology has focused on the pubertal or young adulthood periods of development. These experimental animal studies test whether female rodents perinatally exposed to testosterone show more male-typical eating behavior. The strongest evidence of perinatal testosterone’s organizational effects on eating behavior come from non-human animal data, where exposure to exogenous testosterone can be experimentally manipulated and behavioral outcomes can be monitored across development. Indeed, sex-specific considerations in genetic variants/expression and the role of genes/proteins in CNS activity may be necessary for fully elucidating the biological basis of eating pathology. We refer to distinct diagnoses or symptoms if/when findings have been unique to certain outcomes (e.g., binge eating vs. weight/shape concerns). Eating disorders are broadly characterized by disturbances in eating and weight focused cognitions (e.g., undue influence of weight/shape on one’s self-evaluation) and behaviors (e.g., over-control or under-control of eating). Characteristics of the 27 studies included in this systematic review, organized by study type and number of participants. Secondly, after the initial title and abstract screening, the full texts of the remaining studies were analyzed and verified to determine the eligibility of the topic of the present systematic review. These behaviors will be performed with the intent of masking the bodily features from the individual’s undesired sex at birth, as one of the most significant risks of ED in this population is body dissatisfaction 20,21. According to the review, due to extrinsic factors (minority stress; barriers to gender-affirming care), GD, and the desire to pass, there is an increased risk of ED in transgender individuals . McGregor et al. examined and reviewed the available bibliography centered on the specific risk factors for transgender individuals with ED . More recently, Heiden-Rootes et al. published a scoping review investigating the literature on eating and body image for trans and NB adults .
